定 语 从 句

 

 在关于英语从句的一篇中，我们说道：从句的类型是根据它们在句子所所起的作用来归类的。即起定语作用的就叫定语从句。
 掌握定语从句主要从两个方面来把握：

 一、从关联词的类型来区分，即通常说的“关联代词”和“关联副词”。

常用的关联代词有that, which, who, whom, whose等，常用的关联副词有as，where, when, why等。分清楚它们究竟是关系代词还是关系副词，是指人还是指物，对于选用关联词有一定的参考作用。例如，如果是修饰人，则一般只有who和that；如果修饰物，一般只用that和which；如果表示时间、地点、原因等，则一般只选用when、where、why等。请看下面的实例分析。

 

二、各种关系代词的使用方法实例分析

(一)who的用法

1、who 的前行词必须是人，如果它在从句中作为宾语，就必须用宾格的whom:

This is the teacher who teaches us mathematics.（不可替代）
She is the girl who (whom) I met at the party.（可以替代）
She is the girl whom (who) I went there with. （可以替代）
She is the girl with whom I went there.　（不可替代）
This is the hero of whom we are proud.（不可替代）

 

2、关联词that也可用来指代人，因而在很多情况下who与that可以通用，但在下列情况下只能用who:

 

(1)先行词是one, ones, anyone的时候宜用who.
One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.
The ones who flatter me don’t please me.
Don’t tell anyone about the news who oughtn’t to know it.
Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized.

 

(2)先行词为those的时候，宜用who为关系代词
Those who were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes
made of the magic cloth.
Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.

 

(3)当先行词有比较长的后置定语的时候
I met a foreigner in the street yesterday who could asked me questions in
Chinese.

 

(4)一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词为that,另一个则用who.
The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.

(5)在there be 开头的句子中
There is an old man who wants to see you.
There are many young men who are against him.

 

在下列情况下指人的时候，只能用that:
He is not the man that he was. 他不是从前的他了。(从句中that是was的表语)
Who that knows him will believe him. 认识他的人会相信他。(已经有了一个who)
Which of the two cows (that) you keep produces more milk? 你养的两头奶牛,哪头产奶多? (已经有了一个which)

 

(二) whose的用法

whose是代词的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。当代物的时候，它相当于of which.
例如：
I saw a woman whose bag was stolen.
I’ll call a person whose father knows you.
Which is the car whose owner you know? (Which is the car the owner of which you know)
Please show me the book whose cover is red. (Please show me the book the cover of which is red)

 

(三) 关系代词that的用法

1、在限定性定语从句中，which和that在代替物的时候，一般可以通用。
The money that (which) is in the wallet is mine.

 

2、在下列情况下，只宜用that,而不宜用which

(1)先行词是最高级形容词或者它前面有最高级形容词的时候
This is the best that has been used against pollution.
English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years.

 

(2) 先行词是序数词，或者它前面有一个序数词的时候
He is the last person (that) I want to see.
It is the first American movie of this kind that I’ve ever seen.

 

(3) 主句已有疑问词who或者which的时候
Which is the bike that you lost?
Who is the woman that was praixed at the meeting?

 

(4) 先行词既有人又有物，宜用that
Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?
The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station.

 

(5) 先行词是all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing,none, the one等不定代词时
You should hand in all that you have.
We haven’t got much that we can offer you.
I mean the one that you talked about just now.

 

(6) 先行词前面Only, any, few, little, no, all, one of, the same, the very 等词修饰的时候
The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.
Li Ming is the only one that wants to be a teacher.
Li Ming is one of the students that want to be teachers in our class.

(7) 有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which, 另外一个宜用that.
Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.

 

(四) 关系代词which的用法

 

1、which通常用来指代前面的物体，此时也可用that。例如：
The book (which/that) I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.
A prosperity (which / that) had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.
Beijing, which is the capital of China, is a very beautiful city.
I will tell you the first thing which I can remember.（我会告诉你我记得的第一件事。)

 

2、在下列情况下，只宜用which而不用that：
(1) 关系代词前面有介词的时候
This is the hotel in which you will stay.
I want to find the very pen with which I wrote that letter.
 We depend on the land from which we get our food.
(2) 如果有两个定语从句，其中的一句的关系词是that, 另一句宜用which.
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly
open to us.

 

（五）关联词what的用法

He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. （他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。）

 

(六) 关联副词引导的从句实例

There are occasions when one must yield.　(任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。)
This is the house where I lived two years ago.(这是我以前住过两年的房子。)
I can see the playground where on which they do sports.(我能看见他们进行运动的操场。)
Beijing is the place where I was born.　(北京是我的出生地。)
Her illness has developed to the point where nobody can cure her. (她的病发展到没人能治的地步。)
Can you think out a situation where this word can be used? (你能设想出这个单词被使用的场合吗?)

Do you remember the day when you joined our club?(你记得哪一天加入我们俱乐部的吗？)
I still remember the year when I joined the Party.(我仍然记得入党的那一年。)
I still remember the hour when the rocket was launched.(我仍然记得那个火箭发射的时刻。)

Is this the reason why he refused our offer?　(这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？)
I'm surprised the way how he works out the problem.(我很惊讶他解决这个问题的方式。)
This is the reason why he was killed.(这是他被杀害的原因。)

 

三、关联词运用中的几个问题

 

1、that/which与 where,when

在表示时间、地点的时候，有的用that/which，有的用where,when。这是一个难点。一般情况下，用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。如果及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：

Can you tell me the exact time when/that the sports meeting will be held? (你告诉我运动会举行的确切时间吗?)
This is the third time that he has been to Beijing. (这是他第三次去北京。)

This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. (这是我去年呆过的山村。)
(stay 是不及物动词，用where)
This is the mountain village （which） I visited last year.(这是我去年参观过的山村。)
(visit是及物动词，要用which)

I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。
(work 是不及物动词，用when)
I'll never forget the days （which） I spent in the countryside.
(spend是及物动词，要用which)

This is the room where I was born.(这就是我出生的房间）
(born不及物动词，用where)
This is the room that Shakespeare was born in. (这就是Shakespeare出生的房间。)
(born in 有介词in,要用that)
　
2、关联词的省略

如果关联词在从句中仅仅赶到作用，而省掉它们对句子的意思没有什么影响时，关联词可能省略。
例如：
The people (who) we met at the party were very friendly to us.
Here is the man (that) you have been looking for.
Shang Hai is no longer the city (that) it used to be.
There is an old man (who ) wants to see you.
I don’t like the way (that) you talk to somebody else.

 

三、限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句

 

1、除了根据关联词的属性来区分，还可从从句子结构来分析，那么，定语从句又可分为“限定性定语从句”和“非限定性定语从句，它们会影响到关系连词的选用，甚至影响到句子的意思，值得大家关注。
 简单地说，限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思。另一方面，限定与非限定有一个明显的标志，就：限定性从句与语句没有逗号，而非限定性与主句之间通常用逗号分开。
例如：
My brother who lives in Shanghai is an engineer. (限定性)
My brother, who lives in Shanghai, is an engineer.(非限定性)

The book my father bought me yesterday is very interesting.(限定性)
The book, which my father bought me yesterday, is very interesting.(非限定性)

He decided to see his sister, who might do something to help him.(非限定性)
The hospital now has over 100 staff members, of whom 70% are medical personnel.He decided to resign, which was the best thing he could do.(非限定性)

 

2、注意事项
在限定与非限定从句中，只有一点要特别注意，就是：在非限定性从句中的关联词不能省略。
例如：
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.(这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。)

My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.　(我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。)
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. (这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。)
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. (他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。)
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. (液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。)
I never met Brando again, which was a pity. (我再也没见过布兰多了，这真是个遗憾。)

Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. (查理•史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。)
Professor Marvin, who was always early, was there already.(马文教授已经在那里了，他一向很早。)
I went to the cinema with Mary, who I think you met.(我与玛丽一起去看电影，我想你见过她的。)
She was engaged to a sailor, whom she had met at Dartmouth.(她和一个水手订婚了，她是在达特矛斯碰到他的。)