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[语法]英语从句实例讲解[1]--英语从句
2006-11-25 18:57:02.0
英语从句实例讲解[1]--英语从句
( 2006-11-24 作者: DoWell )
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( 2006-11-24 作者: DoWell )
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学习英语的各种从句,主要要掌握两点:1、什么是英语从句?2、关系代词和副词有什么作用?
一、什么是英语从句?
要回答这个问题,先要弄清楚两个小问题:
1、什么叫英语的句子
一般情况下,英语句子中必定有一个主语和谓语,或者说,有主语和谓语组成的句子就是句子。例如:
Mr. Wang teaches English in a middle school.
Many trees were planted last spring.
Mr. Wang teaches English in a middle school.
Many trees were planted last spring.
2、英语句子的成份
英语的句子中,不仅只有主语和谓语,还有其它的句子成份,其中最主要的成份有:主语、谓语、宾语、状语、定语等。这几种成份在句子的位置大致是:
(状语) + (定语)主语(定语) + (状语)谓语(状语) + (定语)宾语(宾语补足语) + (状语)
也就是,定语一般位于主语和宾语的前后;状语一般位于谓语的前后;及物动词后一般接宾语和宾语补足语。有一点请注意:英语句子中状语的位置非常灵活,它在句首、句中、句末都可以。
3、什么是英语的从句
在明白了英语句子的成份之后,再来讨论英语从句就比较简单了。因为,什么叫从句呢?就是英语句中的某一成份不是一个单词或词组,而是一个句子,那么这个担任成份的句子就叫从句。如果定语是一个句子,它就叫定语从句;如果宾语是一个句子,它就是宾语从句。依此类推。例如:
The boy and the dog [that are in the picture ] are very lovely. (括号中that开始的句子就是定语从句)
We revisited the village [where we had worked before.] (括号中where引导的句子也是定语从句)
He learned [that this was a hard work (which must be finished in a week.)] (这句里有两个从句,方括号由that引导的是宾语从句;在这个宾语从句中又包含了一个由which引导的定语从句。)
The boy and the dog [that are in the picture ] are very lovely. (括号中that开始的句子就是定语从句)
We revisited the village [where we had worked before.] (括号中where引导的句子也是定语从句)
He learned [that this was a hard work (which must be finished in a week.)] (这句里有两个从句,方括号由that引导的是宾语从句;在这个宾语从句中又包含了一个由which引导的定语从句。)
因此,对于一个比较复杂的较长的英语句子来说,它就可能存在几个句子,即主句和担任各种成份的从句。从这个角度看,也可以说从句是句子中的句子。
二、关于关联词
怎么样知道句子中有从句呢?从上面的例句来看,你就可以发现:在绝大多数情况下,英语的从句是由一个叫做“关联词”的来开始(引导)的,例如上面例句中的that, where, which 等等。有的学生可能会疑问:这些词不都是所谓的特殊疑问词吗?完全正确。但是在这里,它们不叫特殊疑问词了,而叫做“关联词”。所谓关联词,就是用来引导(表明)从句的连接词。因此,简单地说,只要有关联词的地方,很可能就是从句(当然,要与特殊疑问句分清楚。)
关于关联词,各类语法书讨论得非常详细。这里不想多讲了。从初学者的角度,不妨可以这来把关联词分分类。
1、即是原来的特殊疑问词,例如:who, what,whose,how,where,why,when等等。
2、只能起关联作用的词,例如:if, whether, because, as, for, as soon as等等。
1、即是原来的特殊疑问词,例如:who, what,whose,how,where,why,when等等。
2、只能起关联作用的词,例如:if, whether, because, as, for, as soon as等等。
三、如何确定从句的类型
我们在阅读和写作一个长句的时候,如果能够清晰地分辩出是不是从句,对于我们理解句子和写出正确的从句非常有帮助。如果只是从考试的角度去研究,反倒显得很机械和枯燥了。在学习中,有的同学往往为了判断从句的类型和选择恰当的关联词,很伤脑筋。这里提两点供初学者参考。
1、我们在阅读中,如果发现了关联词,首先要判断一下它是不是引导了一个句子。如果是,就是从句;如果不是,即不是从句。例如:
We haven't decided where to go. (这里where就不是关联词,它只是不定式的一部分)
We haven't decided where we will go. (这里where是关联词, 它引导了一个从句。)
Who is standing in front of the school gate? (这里who不是关联词,此句是特殊疑问句。)
I don't know the man who is standing in front of the school gate.(这里who是关联词,引导一个从句。)
We haven't decided where to go. (这里where就不是关联词,它只是不定式的一部分)
We haven't decided where we will go. (这里where是关联词, 它引导了一个从句。)
Who is standing in front of the school gate? (这里who不是关联词,此句是特殊疑问句。)
I don't know the man who is standing in front of the school gate.(这里who是关联词,引导一个从句。)
2、如何判断从句的类型,包含两个小问题。
(1) 选用什么样的关联词
选用什么样的关联词来连接从句,最主要的是看它所修饰什么样的词(包括含义),而被修饰的词往往是紧挨着的前面一个词(非限定从句及一些特殊情况除外)。很多的语法书都做了一些归类,例如:who修饰人;which修饰物体;that既可修饰人也可修饰物;等等。请同学们可以自已搜集整理。
(1) 选用什么样的关联词
选用什么样的关联词来连接从句,最主要的是看它所修饰什么样的词(包括含义),而被修饰的词往往是紧挨着的前面一个词(非限定从句及一些特殊情况除外)。很多的语法书都做了一些归类,例如:who修饰人;which修饰物体;that既可修饰人也可修饰物;等等。请同学们可以自已搜集整理。
(2) 判断从句的类型,实际就是判断从句在主句中充当什么样的成份。如果你对句子成份不熟悉,就很难判断出从句的类型。因为前面说过,如果定语是一个句子,它就叫定语从句;如果宾语是一个句子,它就是宾语从句。依此类推。因此,初学者必须对英语句子成份有一个基本的了解。
四、如何掌握好英语从句
这个问题是因人而异。这里提两点建议供初学者参考:
1、要掌握关于从句、句子成份、关联词分类的基本概念。没有这些概念做基础,学习从句将导致糊里糊涂的状况。
2、大量的搜集、整理从句的实例,然后自己进行分类、归纳、对比。通过大量的实例对比分析,就可以发现出适合自己理解的规律,看看别人是怎么用的,从中学到方法和经验。
这时先提供一些关于定语从句的实例,供同学们对比分析。
这个问题是因人而异。这里提两点建议供初学者参考:
1、要掌握关于从句、句子成份、关联词分类的基本概念。没有这些概念做基础,学习从句将导致糊里糊涂的状况。
2、大量的搜集、整理从句的实例,然后自己进行分类、归纳、对比。通过大量的实例对比分析,就可以发现出适合自己理解的规律,看看别人是怎么用的,从中学到方法和经验。
这时先提供一些关于定语从句的实例,供同学们对比分析。
[附] 定语从句实例
1、找出关联词,说说它们分别修饰什么类型的词?人还是物?
This is the detective who came from London.
The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.
The desk whose leg is broken is very old.
This is the room that Shakespeare was born in.
This is the detective who came from London.
The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.
The desk whose leg is broken is very old.
This is the room that Shakespeare was born in.
2、下列从句中只能用that关联词,你发现有什么规律吗?
Is there anything that you want to explain?
In 1898 they declared that they believed there was something in nature which gave out radiation.
This is the only reason that I can say.
This is the first step that can be taken.
It is the best one that you may choose.
Who is the man that is standing by the door?
Which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk?
John and his dog that were here a moment ago disappear now.
Is there anything that you want to explain?
In 1898 they declared that they believed there was something in nature which gave out radiation.
This is the only reason that I can say.
This is the first step that can be taken.
It is the best one that you may choose.
Who is the man that is standing by the door?
Which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk?
John and his dog that were here a moment ago disappear now.
3、下列从句中只能用which关联词,你发现有什么特点?
He studies hard at school when he was young, which leads to his success in his later life .
I gave him a New Year card ,which he enjoyed very much.
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
He studies hard at school when he was young, which leads to his success in his later life .
I gave him a New Year card ,which he enjoyed very much.
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
4、在下列情况下,引导从句的关联词that可以省略。为什么?
She is all (that) a teacher should be.
I'm not the fool(that) you thought me.
He is the nicest teacher (that) the students consider him in their school.
The reason (why/that) he failed was his laziness.
That is the reason (why/that) I did it.
The way(in which/ that) these comrades look at problems is wrong.
That was the way(in which / that) she worked the problem out.
She is all (that) a teacher should be.
I'm not the fool(that) you thought me.
He is the nicest teacher (that) the students consider him in their school.
The reason (why/that) he failed was his laziness.
That is the reason (why/that) I did it.
The way(in which/ that) these comrades look at problems is wrong.
That was the way(in which / that) she worked the problem out.
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